Enteroscopia de doble balón: experiencia inicial en un hospital universitario / Double balloon enteroscopy: Initial experience in a university hospital

Resumen Introducción: el estudio de intestino delgado es un desafío, motivo de avance médico y de interés. La enteroscopia de doble balón (EDB) permite una visualización directa del intestino delgado. Objetivo: describir indicaciones, características del procedimiento, hallazgos, complicaciones y seguimiento de pacientes llevados a EDB en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá, entre noviembre de 2011 y abril de 2019. Metodología: estudio de serie de casos. Se incluyeron pacientes con indicación clínica o por imágenes diagnósticas sugerentes de lesión a nivel de intestino delgado. Se empleó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se realizaron 45 enteroscopias a 44 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 58 años. La principal indicación fue hemorragia digestiva potencial de intestino delgado (53,3 %) y diarrea crónica (11,1 %); fueron más frecuentes los procedimientos por vía anterógrada. La mayoría de los resultados fue normal (46,7 %); entre los hallazgos más frecuentes estuvieron los tumores (11,1 %), enfermedad de Crohn (8,9 %) y úlceras/erosiones (6,7 %). El rendimiento diagnóstico fue 53,3 %, la correlación con la videocápsula endoscópica (VCE) fue 37,5 % y con estudios de imagen, 42,9 %. No se presentaron complicaciones. Se hizo seguimiento al 91,1 % de los pacientes con una mediana de 56 meses y se observó la resolución de síntomas en el 78,1 %. La finalidad de la enteroscopia fue diagnóstica en el 84,4 %. Conclusiones: La EDB es útil en la evaluación del intestino delgado con posibilidad terapéutica. Los resultados son similares a los reportados en la literatura mundial. Si se realiza seguimiento, se puede definir la necesidad de repetición del procedimiento, realización de estudios adicionales u observar resolución de los síntomas.

Abstract Introduction: The study of the small bowel is a challenging task that has sparked interest and progress in medicine. In this context, double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) has allowed the direct visualization of the small intestine. Objective: To describe indications, procedure characteristics, findings, complications, and follow-up of patients taken to DBE at the Hospital de San José, Bogotá, between November 2011 and April 2019. Methodology: Case series study. Patients with a clinical indication or diagnostic images suggestive of small bowel lesion were included. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: 45 enteroscopies were performed in 44 patients, with a median age of 58 years. The main indication was potential small bowel bleeding (53.3%) and chronic diarrhea (11.1%). Anterograde procedures were more frequent. Most of the results were normal (46.7%); tumors (11.1%), Crohn's disease (8.9%), and ulcers/erosions (6.7%) were among the most frequent findings. The diagnostic yield was 53.3% and the correlation with capsule endoscopy (CE) was 37.5%, and with imaging studies 42.9%. There were no complications. 91.1 % of patients were followed up on after a median of 56 months, with 78.1 % reporting symptom remission. The aim of enteroscopy was diagnostic in 84.4%. Conclusions: DBE is useful in the evaluation of the small intestine with a therapeutic possibility. The results are similar to those reported in the world literature. Follow-up can define the need for repeating the procedure, performing further studies, or symptom resolution.

Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease-relevant strictures by double balloon enteroscopy / 中南大学学报(医学版)

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) and endoscopic stricturotomy with needle knife (NKSt) in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)-relevant strictures. 
 Methods: From July 2015 to September 2018, 14 patients undergoing double balloon-enteroscopy at the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were enrolled. There was a total of 16 lesions. Endoscopic intervention was performed for 16 times. EBD was done for 11 times, and 5 stricturotomies were carried out. Regular follow-up and examinations were done to observe whether there was remission or recurrence of clinical symptoms and replacement surgery.
 Results: All 14 patients were successfully treated by endoscopy, and the success rate was 100%. Postoperative clinical symptoms were alleviated, and serious complications, such as perforation or hemorrhaging, did not occur. Obstructive symptoms were effectively alleviated at a median follow-up of 26.1 months (5.9-35.3 months) and 8.3 months (1.6-17.8 months) for patients with balloon dilatation and stricturotomy, respectively. Two patients presented with symptoms of obstruction. These were given conservative symptomatic treatment without surgical intervention.
 Conclusion: Enteroscopic treatments (EBD and NKSt) are safe and effective for intestinal strictures, and can prolong the time before surgical intervention is needed.

Laparoscopic Resection of a Jejunal Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp that Caused Occult Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Diagnosed via Capsule Endoscopy and Double-Balloon Enteroscopy: A Case Report

An inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. IFPs in the small intestine are the most frequently detected with symptoms, such as abdominal pain and tarry stool due to intussusception. Accordingly, few studies have reported jejunal IFP as a cause of occult gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) diagnosed via both of capsule endoscopy (CE) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE). A 68-year-old woman presented with a progression of anemia and a positive fecal occult blood test result. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and total colonoscopy findings were unremarkable. CE revealed a tumor with bleeding in the jejunum. DBE also revealed a jejunal polypoid tumor. Bleeding from the tumor seemed to have caused anemia. The patient underwent partial laparoscopic resection of the jejunum, including resection of the tumor. The tumor was histopathologically diagnosed as IFP. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of laparoscopic resection of jejunal IFP with OGIB diagnosed via CE and DBE preoperatively.

Effect of Double-Balloon Enteroscopy on Diagnosis and Treatment of Small-Bowel Diseases / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Background</b>The diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel diseases is clinically difficult. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic value of double-balloon enteroscopy in small-bowel diseases.</p><p><b>Methods</b>The history and outcomes of 2806 patients who underwent double-balloon enteroscopy from July 2004 to April 2017 were reviewed, which included 562 patients with obscure digestive tract bleeding, 457 patients with obscure diarrhea, 930 patients with obscure abdominal pain, 795 patients with obscure weight loss, and 62 patients with obscure intestinal obstruction. Examinations were performed through the mouth and/or anus according to the clinical symptoms and abdominal images. If a lesion was not detected through one direction, examination through the other direction was performed as necessary. Eighty-four patients with small-bowel polyps, 26 with intestinal obstruction caused by enterolith, and 18 with bleeding from Dieulafoy's lesions in the small intestine were treated endoscopically.</p><p><b>Results</b>A total of 2806 patients underwent double-balloon enteroscopy, and no serious complications occurred. An endoscopic approach through both the mouth and anus was used in 212 patients. Lesions were detected in 1696 patients, with a detection rate of 60.4%; the rates for obscure digestive tract bleeding, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and intestinal obstruction were 85.9% (483/562), 73.5% (336/457), 48.2% (448/930), 49.1% (390/795), and 62.9% (39/62), respectively. For patients with small-bowel polyps who underwent endoscopic therapy, no complications such as digestive tract bleeding and perforation occurred. Intestinal obstruction with enteroliths was relieved with endoscopic lithotripsy. Among the 18 patients with bleeding from small-bowel Dieulafoy's lesions, 14 patients were controlled with endoscopic hemostasis.</p><p><b>Conclusion</b>Double-balloon enteroscopy is useful for diagnosing and treating some small-bowel disease.</p>

Analysis of double balloon enteroscopy: indications, findings, therapeutic and complications / Análise da enteroscopia por duplo balão: indicações, achados, terapêutica e complicações

ABSTRACT Background: The double balloon enteroscopy is an important method for the endoscopic approach of the small bowel that provides diagnosis and therapy of this segment's disorders, with low complication rate. Aim: Analysis of patients undergoing double balloon enteroscopy. The specific objectives were to establish the indications for this method, evaluate the findings by the double balloon enteroscopy, analyze the therapeutic options and the complications of the procedure. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of 65 patients who underwent double balloon enteroscopy. Results: Sixty-five procedures were performed in 50 patients, 63.1% were women and 36.9% were men. The mean age was 50.94 years. The main indication it was gastrointestinal bleeding, followed by abdominal pain and Crohn's disease. Most procedures were considered normal. Polyps were the most prevalent finding, followed by angioectasias and duodenitis. In 49.2% of the cases, one or more therapeutic procedures were performed, (biopsy was the most prevalent). There was only one case of acute pancreatitis, which was treated clinically. Conclusion: The enteroscopy is good and safe method for the evaluation of the small bowel, and its main indications are gastrointestinal bleeding and abdominal pain. It has low complications rates and reduces the necessity of surgery.

RESUMO Racional: A enteroscopia por duplo balão é importante método endoscópico para abordagem do intestino delgado, permitindo o diagnóstico e a terapêutica de afecções com baixa taxa de complicações. Objetivo: Análise de pacientes submetidos à enteroscopia por duplo balão, estabelecendo as indicações para realização do exame e seus achados, analisando a terapêutica realizada e observando as complicações decorrentes do procedimento. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de análise de 65 prontuários de pacientes submetidos à enteroscopia por duplo balão. Os dados foram armazenados em planilhas e foi realizada a análise estatística. Resultados: Foram 65 enteroscopias em 50 pacientes, sendo 63,1% mulheres e 36,9% homens, com média de idade de 50,94 anos. A principal indicação foi sangramento intestinal, seguida por dor abdominal e doença de Crohn. A maioria dos procedimentos foi considerada normal, sendo que o achado mais prevalente foram os pólipos, seguido por angioectasias e duodenites. Em 49,2% dos exames foi realizado algum procedimento terapêutico, sendo a biópsia o mais prevalente. Houve apenas um caso de complicação de pancreatite aguda. Conclusão: A enteroscopia por duplo balão é bom e seguro método para a avaliação do intestino delgado, possuindo como principais indicações o sangramento intestinal e a dor abdominal. Possui baixas taxas de complicações e, por meio de suas opções terapêuticas, diminui a necessidade de procedimentos cirúrgicos.

Abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico de las patologías del intestino delgado mediante cápsula endoscópica y enteroscopía de doble balón / Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to small bowel disorders through capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy

Las múltiples patologías del intestino delgado han supuesto un enorme desafío para gastroenterólogos y endoscopistas debido a las muy bajas tasas de rédito diagnóstico que las diferentes técnicas paraclínicas ofrecían. El advenimiento de la cápsula endoscópica y la enteroscopía de doble balón ha permitido una exploración total, segura y eficiente del intestino delgado lo que ha generado un impacto real en el diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de nuestros pacientes.La cápsula endoscópica es un procedimiento seguro, mínimamente invasivo, no precisa sedación, no genera dolor y permite observar la totalidad del intestino delgado. Por su parte la enteroscopía de doble balón es la técnica endoscópica complementaria necesaria para brindar una intervención terapéutica (cauterizar angiodisplasias, polipectomías, toma de biopsias) logrando así un abordaje resolutivo de las diversas patologías.

Many small bowel disorders represent a great challenge for gastroenterologists and endoscopists due to the very low rates of success showed by the different diagnosis techniques. The advent of the capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy has allowed a total, secure and efficient examination of the small bowel, which represents a real impact in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of our patients. The capsule endoscopy is a safe, minimally invasive procedure, which does not need sedation, does not cause pain, and allows the observation of the totality of the small bowel. Furthermore, the double-balloon endoscopy is the complementary technique necessary to provide a therapeutic procedure (cauterizing angiodysplasia, polypectomy, biopsies), and hence achieving resolution of various disorders.

Retención de cápsula endoscópica en un paciente con sospecha de enfermedad de Crohn / Endoscopic capsule retention in a patient with clinical suspicion of Crohn's disease

The endoscopic capsule is classically used in the study of occult bleeding, but has recently been shown to be useful in the diagnosis and follow-up of Crohn's disease. The retention of the capsule is the most frequent complication related to its use. We report the case of a 30-year-old male patient with recurrent abdominal pain and suspected Crohn's disease. A procedure with a video endoscopic capsule was performed; twelve hours after its ingestion, the patient goes to the emergency department due to worsening of the pain. Abdominal and pelvic CT demonstrates multiple areas of segmental parietal thickening of the ileum and a metallic foreign body in an area of stenosis corresponding to the retained endoscopic capsule. It evolves with persistent pain despite pharmacological therapy. Subsequently it is extracted by enteroscopy. The indications and risks of the use of the endoscopic video capsule, and the clinical and imaging factors predictive of retention are discussed.

La video cápsula endoscópica se utiliza clásicamente en el estudio de sangrado oculto, pero últimamente se ha demostrado su utilidad en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de la enfermedad de Crohn. La retención de la cápsula es la complicación más frecuente relacionada a su uso. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 30 años con dolor abdominal recurrente y sospecha de enfermedad de Crohn. Dentro del estudio se le realiza una video cápsula endoscópica; doce horas posteriores a su ingesta consulta en el servicio de urgencia por empeoramiento del dolor. La tomografía computada de abdomen y pelvis demuestra múltiples áreas de engrosamiento parietal segmentarias del íleon y un cuerpo extraño metálico en un área de estenosis, correspondiente a la cápsula endoscópica retenida. Evoluciona con persistencia del dolor pese a la terapia farmacológica. Posteriormente se procede a su extracción mediante enteroscopia. Se discuten las indicaciones y riesgos del uso de la video cápsula endoscópica, y los factores clínicos e imagenológicos predictores de retención.

Training in Endoscopy: Enteroscopy

The balloon-assisted enteroscope has been regarded as the standard device for direct visualization of deep small bowels and allows for the diagnosis and treatment of small bowel disease. At the beginning, its application was focused on the diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammatory bowel disease, and small bowel tumor. However, the indications are being expanded to various therapeutic procedures, not only confined to bleeding control. With the expansion of the indications, the need to perform enteroscopy effectively and safely is increasing. Recent studies have been focused on the diagnostic yield, therapeutic yield, and long-term outcomes of the device. However, with the increasing number of procedures, procedural guidelines and quality indicators are also needed.

Hookworm Infection: A Neglected Cause of Overt Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Hookworm infections are widely prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in low income regions. In the body, hookworms parasitize the proximal small intestine, leading to chronic intestinal hemorrhage and iron deficiency anemia. Occasionally, hookworms can cause overt gastrointestinal bleeding, but this is often ignored in heavily burdened individuals from endemic infectious areas. A total of 424 patients with overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding were diagnosed by numerous blood tests or stool examinations as well as esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, capsule endoscopy or double-balloon enteroscopy. All of the patients lived in hookworm endemic areas and were not screened for hookworm infection using sensitive tests before the final diagnosis. The patients recovered after albendazole treatment, blood transfusion, and iron replacement, and none of the patients experienced recurrent bleeding in the follow-up. All the 31 patients were diagnosed with hookworm infections without other concomitant bleeding lesions, a rate of 7.3% (31/424). Seventeen out of 227 patients were diagnosed with hookworm infections in the capsule endoscopy (CE), and 14 out of 197 patients were diagnosed with hookworm infections in the double balloon enteroscopy (DBE). Hookworm infections can cause overt gastrointestinal bleeding and should be screened in patients with overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) in endemic infectious areas with sensitive methods. Specifically, the examination of stool specimens is clinically warranted for most patients, and the proper examination for stool eggs relies on staff's communication.

Does Single Balloon Enteroscopy Have Similar Efficacy and Endoscopic Performance Compared with Double Balloon Enteroscopy?

No abstract available.

Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Single- versus Double-Balloon Enteroscopy Performed by Endoscopist Experts in Single-Balloon Enteroscopy: A Single-Center Experience and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Studies concerning the efficacy and safety of single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE) compared with that of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) often appear to be conflicting. However, previous studies were performed by endoscopists who were less experienced in SBE compared with DBE. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of SBE and DBE data performed by a single enteroscopist, with expertise in SBE, using a prospective balloon-assisted enteroscopy registry from 2013 to 2015. Furthermore, we performed a comprehensive literature search and meta-analysis of available studies, including the current study, to clarify the efficacy and safety of SBE versus DBE. RESULTS: A total of 65 procedures in 44 patients with SBE and 74 procedures in 69 patients with DBE were analyzed. There were no significant differences in diagnostic yield (61.1% vs 77.3%, respectively, p=0.397), therapeutic yield (39.1% vs 31.8%, respectively, p=0.548), and complication rate (4.4% vs 2.3%, p=1.000). In the meta-analysis, which included four randomized controlled trials and three observational studies, there were no significant differences in the pooled relative risk and odds ratio for diagnostic and therapeutic yield and complications of SBE compared with those of DBE. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of SBE appears to be similar to that of DBE in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic yield and complications.

Capsule retention caused by duodenal metastases from primary appendiceal adenocarcinoma

Metastatic small bowel cancers are extremely rare in clinical practice. Primary appendiceal adenocarcinoma with gastrointestinal metastasis is seldom reported in the literature. Here, we describe the case of an 80-year-old male patient with primary appendiceal adenocarcinoma, who presented to China Medical University Hospital with mid-gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Capsule endoscopy revealed stenotic bowel lumen, but the capsule was retained in the distal duodenum. Double-balloon enteroscopy demonstrated erosive and erythematous mucosa in the region of capsule retention. The retained capsule was retrieved successfully by using an electrosurgical snare. Histological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy specimen from the duodenal lesion strongly supported the diagnosis of metastatic appendiceal adenocarcinoma.

Impact of a Newly Developed Short Double-Balloon Enteroscope on Stent Placement in Patients with Surgically Altered Anatomies

A newly developed short double-balloon enteroscope with a working channel enlarged to a diameter of 3.2 mm is a novel innovation in stent placement for patients with surgically altered anatomies. Herein, we report three patients in whom this new scope contributed to an efficient technique and ideal treatment. In the first case, the double guidewire technique was efficient and effective for multiple stent placements. In the second case, covered self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement, which is the standard treatment for malignant biliary obstruction, could be performed in a technologically sound and safe manner. In the third case, SEMS placement was performed as palliative treatment for malignant afferent-loop obstruction; this procedure could be performed soundly and safely using the through-the-scope technique. The wider working channel of this new scope also facilitates a smoother accessory insertion and high suction performance, which reduces procedure time and stress on endoscopists. Furthermore, this new scope, which has advanced force transmission, adaptive bending, and a smaller turning radius, is expected to be highly successful in both diagnosis and therapy for various digestive diseases in patients with surgically altered anatomies.

Rol de la enteroscopía con doble balón en el manejo de la patología del intestino delgado: experiencia en el Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Perú / Rol of double-balloon enteroscopy in the management of small intestine diseases: experience in the National Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru

Evaluar la utilidad diagnóstica y terapéutica, la seguridad, eficacia y complicaciones de la enteroscopía con doble balón (EDB). Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo prospectivo realizado en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen LIMA-PERÚ, durante el periodo entre julio 2010 a junio 2015. Se realizaron 129 enteroscopías en 121 pacientes bajo sedación consciente y con preparación previa. Se utilizó un enteroscopio de doble balón EN-450T5 Fujinon. Los pacientes firmaron un consentimiento informado previo al examen. Resultados: La edad promedio fue 56,6 años. Previamente se realizó estudio del intestino delgado con cápsula endoscópica en 77 pacientes (63,6%). La indicación más frecuente fue la hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro (61,2%). La vía de abordaje más utilizada fue la anterógrada (69%). La distancia máxima alcanzada fue de 570 cm por la vía anterógrada. El tiempo promedio de duración por ambas vías fue de 117,45 minutos. Las ectasias vasculares (56,1%) fueron las causas más frecuentes de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro. El rendimiento diagnóstico fue 83,7%, superior a otras series. El procedimiento terapéutico más utilizado fue la termocoagulación con argón plasma. Al igual que otras series, los pacientes toleraron la EDB muy bien, sin mayores complicaciones. Conclusiones: En nuestro grupo estudiado la EDB ha demostrado ser una técnica segura, útil y eficaz para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las diferentes enfermedades del intestino delgado, sobre todo en la hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro...

Evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic utility, safeness, efficacy and complications of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE). Material and methods: This prospective, descriptive study of DBE took place between July 2010 and June 2015 at the service of Gastroenterology of Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen- Lima Peru. 129 DBE were performed in 121 patients with the Fujinon EN-450T5 double balloon enteroscope, with conscious sedation and with previous bowel preparation. All of them signed an informed consent. Results: The mean age was 56.6 years. Capsule endoscopy intestinal study was performed previously in 77 patients (63.6%). The most frequent indication for DBE was bleeding of middle intestine (61.2%). The approach used was more antegrade (69%). The maximum distance reached was 570 cm in antegrade method. The average duration for both routes is 117.45 minutes. Vascular ecstasies (56.1%) were the most frequent causes of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. The diagnostic yield was 83.7%, higher than other series. The most widely used therapeutic procedure was argon plasma thermo coagulation. Like other studies, patients had good tolerance to the procedure and no major complications. Conclusions: In our patients studied the EDB has proven to be a secure, useful and efficient technique for the diagnosis and treatment of several diseases of the small intestine, especially in obscure gastrointestinal bleeding...

Linfangiectasia intestinal primaria o enfermedad de Waldmann / Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectasia or Waldmann Disease

La linfangiectasia intestinal primaria en una patología infrecuente causada por la malformación de los conductos linfáticos intestinales. Normalmente se diagnostica antes de los 3 años de edad, pero puede aparecer en población adulta. Los síntomas más frecuentemente encontrados son la presencia de anasarca y dolor abdominal acompañado de malnutrición. El tratamiento es sintomático y se basa en la sustitución dietética de los triglicéridos de cadena larga por triglicéridos de cadena mediana con aumento del aporte proteico. En este trabajo se reporta el caso de una paciente femenina de 22 años de edad la cual presenta manifestación clínicas, imaginológicas y anatomopatológicas que permiten realizar el diagnóstico de una linfangiectasia intestinal primaria, caso extremadamente infrecuente y sobre todo a esta edad(AU)

Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia in an uncommon pathology caused by malformation of the intestinal lymphatic ducts. It is usually diagnosed before 3 years of age, but may appear in the adult population. The most frequent symptoms are the presence of anasarca and abdominal pain accompanied by malnutrition. The treatment is symptomatic and is based on the dietary substitution of long chain triglycerides by medium chain triglycerides with increased protein intake. This paper reports the case of a female patient of 22 years of age who presents clinical, imaging and anatomopathological manifestations that allow the diagnosis of primary intestinal lymphangiectasia, an extremely rare case, especially at this age(AU)

The obstructed afferent loop: Percutaneous options

Endoscopic drainage can be considered the treatment of choice in benign and malignant obstruction of the distal biliary tree, with percutaneous intervention reserved for cases of difficult access or complex hilar strictures. However in patients with altered anatomy due to pancreatico-duodenectomy gastrectomy, or Bilroth II reconstruction, endoscopy can be exceptionally challenging and often impossible. Surgery remains the gold standard for benign causes of obstruction of a bilio-enteric anastomosis or afferent loop, and percutaneous management remains controversial. Novel endoscopic techniques such as double balloon enteroscopy and endoscopic ultrasound guided procedures can overcome some of the anatomical challenges, but a percutaneous approach is a more established technique for cases of malignant obstruction of a bilio-enteric anastomosis or afferent loop. The altered anatomy presents unique challenges which must be fully contemplated and understood before intervention should occur, to avoid the risk of permanent external drainage.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Capability of Double-Balloon Enteroscopy in Clinical Practice

Advances in technology have facilitated the common use of small-bowel imaging. Intraoperative enteroscopy was the gold standard method for small-bowel imaging. However, noninvasive capsule endoscopy and invasive balloon enteroscopy are currently the main endoscopic procedures that are routinely used for small-bowel pathologies, and the indications for both techniques are similar. Although obstruction is a contraindication for capsule endoscopy, it is not considered to be problematic for double-balloon enteroscopy. The most important advantage of double-balloon enteroscopy is the applicability of therapeutic interventions during the procedure; however, double-balloon enteroscopy has certain advantages as well as disadvantages.

Ischemic enteritis with intestinal stenosis

A 75-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with sudden onset of vomiting and abdominal distension. The patient was taking medication for arrhythmia. Computed tomography showed stenosis of the ileum and a small bowel dilatation on the oral side from the region of stenosis. A transnasal ileus tube was placed. Enteroclysis using contrast medium revealed an approximately 6-cm afferent tubular stenosis 10 cm from the terminal ileum and thumbprinting in the proximal bowel. Transanal double-balloon enteroscopy showed a circumferential shallow ulcer with a smooth margin and edema of the surrounding mucosa. The stenosis was so extensive that we could not perform endoscopic balloon dilation therapy. During hospitalization, the patient's nutritional status deteriorated. In response, we surgically resected the region of stenosis. Histologic examination revealed disappearance of the mucosal layer and transmural ulceration with marked fibrosis, especially in the submucosal layer. Hemosiderin staining revealed sideroferous cells in the submucosal layers. Based on the pathologic findings, the patient was diagnosed with ischemic enteritis. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful.

The Role of Capsule Endoscopy in Patients with Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) accounts for 5% of all gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding cases and is often caused by small bowel lesions. Capsule endoscopy (CE), which allows non-invasive visualization of the small bowel mucosa, has revolutionized the evaluation of OGIB. CE is preferred by both patients and physicians mainly because of its non-invasiveness, and is widely used as the first-line diagnostic modality for OGIB. The diagnostic yield of CE in OGIB has been reported to be in the range of 32% to 83%. Although no direct comparison has been made, a meta-analysis showed similar diagnostic yields between CE and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) for OGIB. However, CE could enhance the yield of subsequent DBE and serve as a guide for optimizing the insertion route for DBE. Even after negative CE, selected patients could benefit from second-look CE for OGIB. In terms of outcomes, a favorable clinical impact after CE has been reported in several studies. However, observations indicate that CE might not influence clinical outcomes directly, but rather play a role in selecting patients with OGIB who are likely to benefit from subsequent evaluation and intervention.

Colangiografía retrógrada endoscópica en pacientes con hepático-yeyunostomía con enteroscopio de doble balón / Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in patients with hepatic-jejunostomy by double balloon enteroscopy

Introducción: el acceso endoscópico a la vía biliar en pacientes con hepático-yeyunostomía previa resulta un acto complejo por las limitaciones anatómicas que esta cirugía impone. El enteroscopio de doble balón logra el abordaje de esta zona, con posibilidades diagnósticas y terapéuticas.Objetivo: describir los resultados de la exploración endoscópica para el abordaje y tratamiento endoscópico en pacientes con derivación bilio-digestiva. Método: se presenta una serie de 6 casos con derivación bilio-digestiva y elementos clínicos, humorales y ecográficos de obstrucción biliar. Se realizó exploración según técnica de enteroscopia de doble balón para abordar el sitio de derivación y aplicar terapéutica. Resultados: en todos los casos se logró acceder a la hepático-yeyunostomía y se realizó dilatación con Soehendra y en uno de ellos además, con balón neumático. Se extrajeron cálculos en 2 pacientes y en 5 se colocaron prótesis plásticas de 7 Fr. No se presentaron complicaciones. Conclusiones: la enteroscopia de doble balón resultó un proceder útil y seguro para el acceso a la vía biliar en los pacientes con hepático-yeyunostomía(AU)

Introduction: endoscopic access to the bile duct in patients with hepatic-jejunostomy is a complex act upon by the anatomical limitations imposed by this surgery. The double-balloon endoscope approach achieves this area, with diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. Objective: to describe the results of endoscopic approach in patients with biliary-digestive surgery. Methods: we present a report of 6 cases of biliary-digestive bypass clinical elements, humoral and ultrasound of biliary obstruction. Exploration was performed according to the technique of double balloon enteroscopy to address the referral site and therapeutic applications. Results: in all cases, gains access to the hepatic-jejunostomy and dilation make Soehendra, one of them also with balloon tires. 2 stones were extracted in 5 patients and plastic prosthesis was placed 7 Fr No complications. Conclusions: the double-balloon endoscopy was a useful and safe procedure for access to the bile duct in patients with hepatic-jejunostomy(AU)